Great news. Will have to test it for awhile to make sure it is not corrupted in your adventurers.
Considering the age of the system it still stands that would be best for Linux and stopping the continuous errors now emerging for this old old system.
Yes can buy a SSD and stick in which would solve the problems with the drive but it does not solve the hardware is not capable nor has the things needed to run a modern OS.
You may want to consider what is a modern system in close out inventory. https://xoticpc.com/collections/closeout-inventory (I have a version of the ASUS Tuf on this page)
As well note : that branded systems (Lenovo/HP/Dell) use the most low cost parts available. (myself would never own) (others my think otherwise).
So no, if you do a clean install you have no way to get the Chipset and other drivers for the motherboard installed as there is no longer a Support Page.
Would have to rely on Windows which does a bad job installing drivers without the Chipset Drivers installed.
Doing a clean install means you have to install all your programs again. Which may or may not work properly from the previous time.
You can Refresh Windows and then have to install all your stuff if you do not keep them in the MS Folders such as Pictures, Documents etc and will loose everything on C: if not in those folders.
You can do a Repair Install Upgrade provided your at the current version of Windows :
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/all/how-to-perform-a-repair-upgrade-using-the-windows/35160fbe-9352-4e70-9887-f40096ec3085
But
Suggest this step by step : https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/16397-repair-install-windows-10-place-upgrade.html
So
All above is do at your own risk.
If you look at your Speccy Link : https://speccy.piriform.com/results/myHXrYNRJQs3eNEHDsicCfg would suggest try to make heads or tales of it.
It does show a considerable amount of Failed Updates from MS. Speccy is not really reliable to look at so have to confirm yourself.
This can only be verified by you in Settings-->Update and Security-->View Update History and see what is failed still.
So more issues if you have failed updates.
Hard Drive Sentinel is available. Free or trial :can be found on their home page or from this respected site :
https://www.techspot.com/downloads/7347-hard-disk-sentinel-pro.html
It runs at boot. After viewing use the Menu and Exit the program as you do not have enough ram for it.
Or just run this for your Crucial SSD, Model : CT1000MX500SSD1 : https://www.crucial.com/support/articles-faq-ssd/overview-crucial-storage-executive If it works for your model I have no idea.
Remember all tests reduce the life of the SSD, so do small tests and if passes ok.
Do a chkdsk /r/ will take multiple hours to run. Make sure it does not go to sleep and stays awake.